The use of various drugs according to their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics requires a basic understanding of the principles. In short, pharmacokinetics describes the way the body treats a drug after it enters the body and aims to quantify the processes involved in the biodisposition of a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
As part of this quiz, we will explore and learn more about the most commonly used terms in pharmacology to gain a better understanding of how drugs are measured and interact in the body.
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Question of
The study of how the body interacts with administered substances.
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Pharmacokinetics
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Median toxic dose
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Endocytosis
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Pharmacogenomics
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Pharmacokinetics (PK) is an area of study that deals with how the body interacts with substances for the duration of exposure. The four main parameters examined by this field are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
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Question of
A medication that, after administration, is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug.
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Prodrug
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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
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Inducers
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Agonist
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After it has been administered, a prodrug is metabolized (or converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active medication. When a drug cannot be absorbed well, prodrugs are used to enhance bioavailability. (Image shows Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug.)
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Question of
This is a type of active transport that allows particles, such as large molecules, cells, and even whole cells, to enter a cell.
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Endocytosis
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Pharmacokinetics
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Exocytosis
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First pass effect
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A type of active transport, endocytosis moves large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells into a cell. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis are some examples of endocytosis (Image shows them from left to right).
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Question of
The act of transporting molecules out of a cell by active transport or bulk transport.
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Exocytosis
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Downregulation
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First pass effect
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Endocytosis
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Through an energy-dependent process, exocytosis is a type of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell secretes molecules out of the cell (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins).
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Question of
Reduced receptor number on the surface of target cells, causing the cells to be less sensitive to hormones or other agents.
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Downregulation
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Chirality
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Prodrug
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Potency
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Downregulation is a reduction in receptor number on the surface of target cells, causing the cells to be less sensitive to hormones or other agents. (e.g. by chronic treatment with a pharmacological agonist drug or prolonged inhibition of metabolism of a neurotransmitter).
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Question of
Are receptors that bind to cytokines.
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Cytokine receptors
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Inducers
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Inhibitors
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Substrates
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The cytokine receptors bind to cytokines. A cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase acts as a relay for signals into the cell through cytokine receptors.
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Question of
The second messenger responsible for intracellular signal transmission, including the delivery of hormones such as glucagon and adrenaline.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
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First pass effect
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Cytokine receptors
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the second messenger responsible for intracellular signal transmission, including the delivery of hormones such as glucagon and adrenaline.
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Question of
It regulates ion channel conductance, glycogenolysis, and cell apoptosis. The smooth muscles are also relaxed by this compound.
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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Exocytosis
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Agonist
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A cyclic nucleotide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is synthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP regulates ion channel conductance, glycogenolysis, and cell apoptosis. The smooth muscles are also relaxed by this compound. Relaxation of vascular smooth muscles leads to increased blood flow in blood vessels.
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Question of
A measure of drug activity in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity.
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Potency
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Therapeutic index
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Half-life
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Bioavailability
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Drug potency is defined as the amount of drug required to produce an effect of a given intensity. Drugs of high potency elicit a given response at low concentrations, while drugs of lower potency do so only at higher concentrations.
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Question of
It means “effective dose for 50% of the population”.
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Median effective dose
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Median toxic dose
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Median lethal dose
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Bioavailability
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A medication's ED50 (median effective dose) represents the dose at which 50% of a population experiences a particular effect. Sometimes it is abbreviated as ED50, which stands for "effective dose for 50% of the population".
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